DFS Annual Report

Notes to the Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements (in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)-(Continued) Long-Lived Assets —The Company assesses potential impairments to its long-lived assets if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed annually for impairment or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. An impaired asset is written down to its estimated fair value based upon the most recent information available. Estimated fair market value is generally measured by discounting estimated future cash flows. Long-lived assets, other than goodwill, are recorded at the lower of the carrying value or the fair market value less the estimated cost to sell. Property, plant and equipment —Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Useful lives range from 15 to 40 years for buildings, the lesser of 7 years or the lease term for leasehold improvements and from 3 to 15 years for machinery and equipment. Maintenance and repair costs are charged to expense as incurred. Major overhauls that extend the useful lives of existing assets are capitalized. When properties are retired or disposed, the costs and accumulated depreciation are eliminated and the resulting profit or loss is recognized in the results of operations. Goodwill —Goodwill is either assigned to a specific reporting unit or allocated between reporting units based on the relative fair value of each reporting unit. The Company’s goodwill balances were reallocated from RRD’s historical reporting units based on the relative fair values of the businesses. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually as of October 31 or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying value. For certain reporting units, the Company may perform a qualitative, rather than quantitative, assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. In performing this qualitative analysis, the Company considers various factors, including the excess of prior year estimates of fair value compared to carrying value, the effect of market or industry changes and the reporting units’ actual results compared to projected results. Based on this qualitative analysis, if management determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying value, no further impairment testing is performed. For the remaining reporting units, the Company compares each reporting unit’s fair value, estimated based on comparable company market valuations and expected future discounted cash flows to be generated by the reporting unit, to its carrying value. If the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, the Company performs an additional fair value measurement calculation to determine the impairment loss, which is charged to operations in the period identified. The Company also performs an interim review for indicators of impairment at each quarter-end to assess whether an interim impairment review is required for any reporting unit. In the Company’s annual review at October 31, 2016, and its interim review for indicators of impairment as of December 31, 2016, management concluded that there were no indicators that the fair value of any of the reporting units with goodwill was more likely than not below its carrying value. Amortization —Certain costs to acquire and develop internal-use computer software are capitalized and amortized over their estimated useful life using the straight-line method, up to a maximum of five years. Amortization expense related to internally-developed software, excluding amortization expense related to other intangible assets, was $20.5 million, $17.2 million and $14.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Other intangible assets are recognized separately from goodwill and are amortized over their estimated useful lives. See Note 5, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for further discussion of other intangible assets and the related amortization expense. Share-Based Compensation —In periods prior to the Separation, RRD maintained an incentive share-based compensation program for the benefit of its officers, directors, and certain employees, including certain Donnelley Financial employees. For those periods share-based compensation expense has been allocated to the Company based on the awards and terms previously granted to the Company’s employees as well as an allocation of compensation expense to RRD’s corporate and shared functional employees. Subsequent to the Separation, the Company recognizes share-based compensation expense based on estimated fair values for all share-based awards made to employees and directors, including restricted stock and restricted stock units. The Company recognizes compensation expense for restricted stock units expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, based on the grant date fair value. The Company recognizes compensation expense for performance based restricted stock awards utlizing a graded vesting schedule. See Note 15, Share-Based Compensation, for further discussion. F-10